Fromm

Erich Fromm was born in Germany in 1900, the only child of orthodox Jewish parents. From a young age Fromm was highly influenced by the bible, Freud, and Marx, as well as by socialist ideology. He believed that humans have been shifted away from their ancient connections with nature and left with no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world. But because humans have gained the ability to reason, they can think about their isolated condition, a situation Fromm considered the human dilemma.

According to Fromm, our human dilemma cannot be solved by satisfying our animal needs. It can only be addressed by fulfilling our uniquely human needs, an accomplishment that moves us toward a reunion with the natural world. Fromm identified five of these distinctively human or existential needs. 
A. Relatedness
First is relatedness, which can take the form of (1) submission, (2) power, and (3) love. Love, or the ability to unite with another while retaining one's own individuality and integrity, is the only relatedness need that can solve our basic human dilemma.
B. Transcendence
Being thrown into the world without their consent, humans have to transcend their nature by destroying or creating people or things. Humans can destroy through malignant aggression, or killing for reasons other than survival, but they can also create and care about their creations.
C. Rootedness
Rootedness is the need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the world. Productively, rootedness enables us to grow beyond the security of our mother and establish ties with the outside world. With the nonproductive strategy, we become fixated and afraid to move beyond the security and safety of our mother or a mother substitute.
D. Sense of Identity
The fourth human need is for a sense of identity, or an awareness of ourselves as a separate person. The drive for a sense of identity is expressed nonproductively as conformity to a group and productively as individuality.
E. Frame of Orientation
By frame of orientation, Fromm meant a road map or consistent philosophy by which we find our way through the world. This need is expressed nonproductively as a striving for irrational goals and productively as movement toward rational goals

Fromm recognized three major personality disorders:

1. Necrophilia, or the love of death and the hatred of all humanity.

2. Malignant narcissism, or a belief that everything belonging to one's self is of great value and anything belonging to others is worthless.

3.Incestuous symbiosis, or an extreme dependence on one's mother or mothersurrogate.

Fromm believed that humans were "freaks of the universe" because they lacked strong animal instincts while having the capacity to reason. In a word, his perspective rated average on free choice, optimism, unconscious influences, and uniqueness; low on causality; and high on social impacts. The quality of Fromm's hypothesis is his clear compositions on a wide scope of human issues. As a scientific theory, however, nonetheless, Fromm's hypothesis rates low on its capacity to create inquire about and to fit adulteration; it rates low on handiness to the professional, interior consistency, and stinginess.